Multilevel Correlates of Youth Delinquent Behaviors: An Exploratory Analysis of Socioeconomic Context, Psychological Traits, and Task-Based Neural Activation in the ABCD Study

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Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)

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Assari, S., & Donovan, A. (2025). Multilevel Correlates of Youth Delinquent Behaviors: An Exploratory Analysis of Socioeconomic Context, Psychological Traits, and Task-Based Neural Activation in the ABCD Study. Social Science Insights and Applications, 1(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.65773/ssia.1.1.42

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Shervin Assari*
Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Alexandra Donovan
Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA

Abstract

Background:Delinquent behaviors during early adolescence reflect complex interactions between individual traits, family context, neighborhood conditions, and neurobiological responses to emotional stimuli. Despite extensive research on each domain, few studies have integrated psychological, socioeconomic, and neural data to examine correlations of delinquent behavior in a large, population-based cohort. Objective: This exploratory study examined demographic, psychological, socioeconomic, and neural correlates of parent-reported delinquent behaviors in pre-adolescents participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Methods:Data (n = 7,879) were drawn from ABCD participants with available demographic, psychological, socioeconomic, and task-based fMRI data during the n-back facial emotion task. Correlation analyses (Spearman’s ρ) assessed associations between delinquent behavior and measures of impulsivity and behavioral control (UPPS, BIS/BAS), family socioeconomic indicators (parental education, household income, financial difficulty), neighborhood characteristics (area deprivation, local crime rates), and mean beta weights representing activation to emotional faces versus places. Results:Delinquent behavior was positively correlated with impulsivity-related traits including positive urgency (ρ = 0.13, p < 0.001), lack of perseverance (ρ = 0.10, p < 0.001), and BAS fun-seeking (ρ = 0.06, p = 0.02). Higher BIS punishment sensitivity (ρ = 0.10, p < 0.001) and BAS reward responsiveness (ρ = 0.09, p < 0.001) were also linked to greater delinquent behavior. Socioeconomic disadvantages lower parental education (ρ = −0.07, p < 0.001) and greater financial difficulty (ρ = 0.09, p < 0.001)—showed small but consistent associations with delinquency. Neural activation of across prefrontal and salience-related regions during emotional face processing were positively correlated with delinquent behavior (ρ ≈ 0.09–0.13, p < 0.001). Conclusions:Findings suggest that youth delinquent behaviors are linked to impulsivity, socioeconomic adversity, and greater neural reactivity to emotional cues. These multilevel associations underscore the value of integrating behavioral, contextual, and neuroimaging data to understand early externalizing tendencies. Future longitudinal analyses should examine whether these correlates predict escalation or resilience in later adolescence.

Keywords:
delinquency, impulsivity, behavioral activation, socioeconomic status, neighborhood context, fMRI, n-back task, adolescence

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